Stefan Ruzika, Karl-Heinz Küfer, Kaisa Miettinen, Serpil Sayin

• Many real-world optimization and decision-making problems comprise several, partly conflicting objective functions. The English saying “Quality has its price” is just as true on a large scale as it is in private sphere and, therefore, quality and price are a typical pair of conflicting objective functions that are very common in applications. Yet, in industrial applications, both quality and cost may be understood in the specific context and differ whether a transportation, a production, or a planning problem is considered. Other objective functions that are receiving increasing attention in real-world decision-making situations are, for example, robustness, time, sustainability, adaptability, or longevity.